Introduction: Use of an adhesive with a suitable composite resin is an important factor in tooth-colored restorations and increasing marginal sealing ability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of various adhesives with composite resins using fluid filtration and dye extraction techniques and assessment of the correlation between these two techniques.Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, class II cavities were prepared on the proximal surfaces of 48 extracted sound human premolar teeth, measuring 1.5±0.5 mm in gingival width, 4 mm in occluso-gingival height and 1.3 of the inter-cuspal distance in width. The samples were divided into four groups (n=12). Group 1; OptiBond Solo Plus adhesive/Herculite XRV composite resin; Group 2: OptiBond Solo Plus adhesive/Master Dent composite resin; Group 3: Prime & Bond NT adhesive/Herculite XRV composite resin; Group 4: Prime & Bond NT adhesive/Master Dent composite resin. Microleakage was assessed primarily by fluid filtration and then by dye extraction techniques. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, with Bonferroni correction and Spearman's rho correlation test at 95% confidence interval.Results: The minimum and maximum mean microleakage values were recorded in fluid filtration and dye extraction techniques groups 1 and 4, respectively. There were significant differences between the experimental groups in microleakage with the two methods of leakage assessment (p value=0.001). Spearman's rho revealed a strongly direct correlation between the two methods (r=0.797, p value=0.000).Conclusion: In both methods of microleakage assessment, use of ethanol-based in comparison to acetone-based adhesive resulted in microleakage reduction. Application of light-cured composite resin contrary to self-cured composite resin with both types of adhesives increased marginal sealing ability.

The removal of destabilized and agglomerated particles in the filter bed includes two interconnected processes, particle transport and particle attachment to filter grains, smaller filter grains, smaller filter velocity, increase of water temperature and increase of particle size (only for particles>1µm) improve particle transport and consequently filtration efficiency. Minimum transport and filtration efficiency can be expected for particles of approximate 1µm. efficient attachment of agglomerates to the filter grains can be achieved only when the colloidal matter destabilized. In direct filtration, impurities as turbidity and color will be removed after destabilization by coagulation. This coagulation reaction takes place within a few seconds during rapid mixing. At this point the formed particles are very smaller. In Line direct filtration the setting and flocculation step are eliminated and the destabilized water is transported directly to a filter. Consequently flocculation, takes place in the bed filter. The rate of agglomeration of small destabilized particles to visible flocks is dependent principally upon the number of effective collision of particles. In contrast in conventional treatment 5 to 45 minutes may be needed for complete agglomeration of all particles. At this point enough collisions have occurred so that the flock particles have grown to a size that will settle rapidly. Fe (III) has fewer tendencies to form polynuclear species compared with A (III). The positive ions (polymers) absorb at the surface of negatively charged colloidal matter which results in a reduction of their negative potential. Therefore, it can be seen that pH plays very important role in stability of different iron hydrolysis products.

Heavy metal hexavalent chromium is known as a highly toxic compound and based on World Health Organization standards in concentrations greater than 50 micrograms per liter would lead to diseases such as allergic reactions, skin cancer, lung cancer, damage to the kidneys and liver, and also changes in the shape of the DNA genetic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the hybrid system of nano-filtration and micro-filtration processes to remove hexavalent chromium from water. Pilot implementation of 1 and 5 micron filters, sand filters, activated carbon filters, and NF (NF 90-400) was built. The effects of various parameters such as pH, pressure, concentration of chromium, concentration of sulfate and total dissolved solids (TDS) were studied on the removal of hexavalent chromium from drinking water. Pressure was changed from 0. 1 to 0. 4 MPa, pH was set in the range of 2 to10, the concentration of hexavalent chromium was in the range of 100 to 400 micrograms per liter and the concentration of sulfate oral solution was changed between 40 and 500 milligrams per liter. The results showed that the efficiency of chromium removal increased as pH was increased. The removal of chromium dropped when the pressure was increased from 0. 1 to 0. 4 MPa. In addition, a decreasing trend was observed in removal efficiency by increasing the concentration of chrome and sulfate. Optimal levels of hexavalent chromium concentration was 100 micrograms per liter. For pressure, pH, and sulfate concentration the optimal levels were 0. 1 Mpa, 10 and 40 milligrams per liter, respectively. In general, pilot and experimental results showed that the system provided the ability to remove chromium in drinking water (tap water and distilled water) at a rate of 99%.

Background & Aims: Chronic kidney disease is commonly seen with reduced calcium and low-energy fractures. In this study, we investigated the relationship between estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) and low-energy hip fractures. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on patients with renal insufficiency who were referred to Alzahra and Kashani hospitals with a diagnosis of hip fracture in 2016 and 2017. Cr level was extracted from the patient file and the relationship between eGFR and other variables was investigated. Results: Of the studied patients, 203 (48. 6%) had eGFR below 60 and 215 (51. 4%) had eGFR above 60. Female patients with e-GFR below 60 were more common, underlying diseases of diabetes and hypertension were significantly higher in e-GFR below 60, and mean age and creatinine levels in e-GFR below 60 were significantly higher than eGFR above 60. The mean hemoglobin level in subjects with eGFR below 60 was significantly lower than those with eGFR above 60 (p <0. 05). Mortality was significantly higher in subjects with eGFR below 60 than in those with eGFR above 60. There was no significant relationship between eGFR and type of fracture and ischemia (p> 0. 05). Conclusion: Management in the prevention of hip fracture and treatment of patients with renal failure can be effective in the treatment of fracture and reducing its mortality.